Abstract: Is public opinion shaped by the media, or vice versa? The problem is so fundamental that it may be the “Hamlet question” for the understanding of the media, communication, and society. Answers tend to fall into one of the two camps -- strong or limited effects of the media, active or passive audience, for example.
In this brown bag talk, we discuss preliminary findings from toutiao.com, one of the largest content aggregators and algorithm-push platforms in Chinese, that such binary questions may be outdated. Even the binary divisions of roles, such as the media vs the audience, the elite vs the public, administrators vs people, or senders vs receivers, may have oversimplified the roles that netizens play today. The inter-netted mobile communication may be continuously evolving spirals of information and misinformation negotiated between at least four groups of individuals: releasers, receivers, relayers, and reactors, with extensive and varying overlaps of memberships between the groups.
Receivers dominated without dictating the negotiations examined so far. Given that the receiver group practically constitutes all individuals in a society, these preliminary outcomes suggest that communication in this post-post-modern society might be a perpetual process of collective self-persuasion, self-affirmation, and self-amplification.